Textile Finishing?
Textile finishing refers to a series of treatments applied to fabrics after weaving or knitting to improve their aesthetic and functional qualities. When fabrics come off the loom or knitting machine, they are in a raw state known as “gray fabric,” which lacks appeal. To make these fabrics more attractive, durable, and functional for specific end uses, they undergo finishing processes before being dyed or sewn into final products.
Textile finishing transforms raw fabrics by enhancing their appearance, feel, absorbency, and durability. It involves improving the color, texture, softness, and performance of the fabric. Some common examples of textile finishing include smoothing cotton fabrics through calendaring, making raincoat materials water-resistant, and applying antimicrobial finishes to medical textiles.
Its Significance
Textile finishing is crucial for improving fabric marketability by making it more appealing and functional. Gray fabrics often lack the qualities necessary for their intended purposes, such as water repellency for umbrellas or antimicrobial properties for medical textiles. Finishing processes add these features to fabrics, enhancing both their quality and utility.
The two primary objectives of textile finishing are:
- Attractiveness: Finishing processes enhance the visual appeal and texture of fabrics, making them more marketable. Processes like calendaring smooth the fabric surface, while softeners improve the fabric’s hand feel, resulting in a more attractive product.
- Serviceability: Finishing processes also make fabrics more suitable for specific functions. For instance, gray fabric’s natural water absorption is undesirable for raincoats. Finishing techniques like waterproofing modify the fabric’s properties, making it suitable for use in water-repellent applications.
Importance and Requirements of Finishing
The finishing of textiles serves several important functions:
- Enhances fabric quality
- Increases the market value of textile products
- Improves fabric attractiveness and comfort
- Meets specific customer needs
- Enhances the functionality and durability of textiles
- Creates new applications for fabrics by adding special properties
Different Kinds of Textile Finishing
Textile finishing can be classified into different types based on the methods used, the durability of the finish, and the properties imparted to the fabric.
1. Types of Finishing Based on Method
There are two main types of textile finishing methods: Physical (or Mechanical) Finishing and Chemical Finishing.
- Physical or Mechanical Finishing
Physical or mechanical finishing involves altering the fabric’s surface properties without the use of chemicals. It is done through mechanical processes like applying heat, pressure, or friction. This type of finishing changes the external structure of the fabric, but not its chemical composition. Common examples include calendaring (to smooth the surface) and shearing (to remove loose fibers). - Chemical Finishing
Chemical finishing involves using chemical substances to alter the internal properties of the fabric. Different chemicals, such as acids, alkalis, or resins, are applied to modify the fabric’s structure or enhance specific properties. Examples of chemical finishing include softener finish (for improved softness) and resin finish (for wrinkle resistance).
Difference Between Physical and Chemical Finishing
| Physical Finishing | Chemical Finishing |
| Uses physical agents like heat, pressure, and friction. | Uses chemicals like acids, alkalis, and resins. |
| No chemical reactions involved. | Involves chemical reactions. |
| Changes the physical structure of the fabric. | May or may not change the physical structure. |
| Does not alter the fabric’s chemical composition. | Alters the fabric’s chemical composition. |
| Less permanent effect. | More permanent effect. |
| Less expensive. | More expensive. |
| Example: Calendaring, Shearing. | Example: Softener finish, Resin finish. |
2. Types of Finishing Based on Durability
Finishing can also be classified based on its durability, i.e., how long the effects last:
- Permanent or Durable Finishing
This type of finishing remains intact throughout the fabric’s lifetime. It doesn’t wash out or degrade with use. Examples include mercerizing (which strengthens the fabric) and raising (which adds a soft nap to the fabric surface). - Semi-Durable Finishing
The effects of semi-durable finishing diminish with repeated use or washing. These finishes typically last through 10–15 washes before wearing off. Examples include softener finishes and optical brightening agents. - Non-Durable or Temporary Finishing
Non-durable finishing offers only temporary effects, which disappear after 1–2 washes or uses. Calendaring, which smooths the fabric’s surface, is an example of temporary finishing.
Difference Between Durable, Semi-Durable, and Non-Durable Finishing
| Durable Finishing | Semi-Durable Finishing | Non-Durable Finishing |
| Lasts for the lifetime of the fabric. | Wears off after 10–15 washes. | Wears off after 1–2 washes. |
| Finishing effect is permanent. | Effect gradually decreases with use. | Effect disappears quickly. |
| Example: Mercerizing, Raising. | Example: Softener finish, Optical brightening. | Example: Calendaring. |
Importance of Various Finishing Techniques
Different finishing techniques are used depending on the desired outcomes for fabric appearance, functionality, and durability. These techniques can improve a fabric’s feel, color, and overall performance.
Calendaring: This is a mechanical finishing process where fabrics are passed through heated rollers to smooth their surface and add luster. It is commonly used for cotton fabrics and provides a polished look.
Waterproofing: Waterproof finishing involves applying chemical treatments that repel water, making fabrics suitable for outdoor garments like raincoats and umbrellas. This process improves the functionality of fabrics that must resist water.
Softening: Softening agents are applied to fabrics to enhance their softness and improve the hand feel, making them more comfortable to wear. This is often used for bedding, towels, and other textiles intended for direct skin contact.
Stain Resistance: Fabrics such as carpets and upholstery are treated to resist stains, enhancing their durability and making them easier to maintain.
Anti-Microbial Finishing: Medical textiles, such as bandages and surgical gowns, are often treated with antimicrobial agents to prevent bacterial growth, improving hygiene and safety in clinical environments.
The Impact of Textile Finishing on Sustainability
While textile finishing offers many benefits, there are also environmental considerations. Many finishing processes, especially chemical ones, involve the use of water, energy, and chemicals that can harm the environment. The textile industry is increasingly adopting eco-friendly finishing processes that reduce water consumption, lower energy use, and eliminate harmful chemicals.
For instance, enzyme-based finishing processes are being used as an alternative to traditional chemical treatments. These enzymes offer a biodegradable option that reduces chemical waste and environmental impact. Additionally, technologies like laser finishing and plasma treatment can also provide fabric finishes with minimal environmental footprint.
Conclusion
Textile finishing is a critical part of the textile production process, enhancing both the aesthetic and functional qualities of fabrics. Whether through mechanical or chemical methods, finishing processes play a crucial role in making textiles more attractive, durable, and fit for their intended purposes. As the industry continues to evolve, sustainability in textile finishing is becoming increasingly important, with innovations aiming to reduce the environmental impact of traditional methods. Understanding the various types of textile finishing helps ensure that fabrics meet the specific needs of both manufacturers and consumers while contributing to a more sustainable future.
